Ezonyango
Isisombululo se-70-85% se-ethanol sisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo njengesibulali ntsholongwane kwaye sibulala izinto eziphilayo ngokukhupha iiprotheni zazo kunye nokunyibilikisa i-lipids yazo.Isebenza ngokuchasene neebhaktheriya ezininzi kunye nomngundo, kunye neentsholongwane ezininzi, kodwa ayisebenzi ngokuchasene ne-bacterial spores.Esi sixhobo sokubulala iintsholongwane se-ethanol sisizathu sokuba iziselo ezinxilisayo zinokugcinwa ixesha elide[9].I-Ethanol ikwanosetyenziso oluninzi lwezonyango, kwaye inokufumaneka kwiimveliso ezinje ngamayeza, izisusi zonyango kunye ne-antiseptic kwiijeli ezininzi ze-antibacterial hand sanitizer.I-Ethanal inokusetyenziswa njengeyeza.Ngokukhuphisanayo ithintela ukwakheka kweemetabolites eziyityhefu ekufikeni kotywala obuyityhefu ngokuba nobudlelwane obuphezulu be-enzayimu i-Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH).Isicelo salo esiyintloko kwi-methanol kunye ne-ethylene glycol ingestions.I-Ethanol inokulawulwa ngomlomo, i-nasogastric okanye i-intravenous indlela yokugcina i-concentration ye-ethanol yegazi ye-100-150 mg / dl (22-33 mol / L).

Isibaso
I-Ethanol iyatsha kwaye itshisa ngokucocekileyo kunamanye amaninzi.I-Ethanol isetyenziswe kwiimoto ukususela ekubeni uHenry Ford wayila i-Model T yakhe ye-1908 ukuba isebenze etywaleni.EBrazil nase-United States, ukusetyenziswa kwe-ethanol evela kummoba kunye neenkozo njengamafutha emoto kuye kwakhuthazwa ziinkqubo zikarhulumente[11].Inkqubo ye-ethanol yaseBrazil yaqala njengendlela yokunciphisa ukuthembela ekuthengeni ioli, kodwa ngokukhawuleza kwaqondwa ukuba ineenzuzo ezibalulekileyo zokusingqongileyo kunye nezentlalo[12].Iimveliso ezitshiswa ngokupheleleyo ze-ethanol yi-carbon dioxide kunye namanzi kuphela.Ngesi sizathu, ihambelana nokusingqongileyo kwaye isetyenziselwe ukubasa iibhasi zikawonke-wonke e-US.Nangona kunjalo, i-ethanol ecocekileyo ihlasela irabha ethile kunye nezixhobo zeplastiki kwaye ayinakusetyenziswa kwiinjini zemoto ezingalungiswanga.

Isibaso esekwe etywaleni esidityaniswe nepetroli ukuvelisa isibaso esinomgangatho ophezulu we-octane kunye nokukhutshwa okumbalwa okuyingozi kunepetroli engaxutywanga.Umxube oqulethe ipetroli ene-ethanol eyi-10 ubuncinane waziwa ngokuba yi-gasohol.Ngokukodwa, i-petroli enomxholo we-ethanol we-10% yaziwa ngokuba yi-E10.Olunye uhlobo oluqhelekileyo lwe-gasohol yi-E15, equkethe i-ethanol ye-15% kunye ne-85% yepetroli.I-E15 ifanelekile kuphela ukusetyenziswa kwizithuthi zeFlex Fuel okanye ipesenti encinci kakhulu yezithuthi ezitsha[14].Ukongeza, i-E85 ligama elisetyenziselwa umxube we-15% yepetroli kunye ne-85% ye-ethanol.I-E85 igcina isixokelelwano sesibaso sicocekile kuba itshisa icocekile kunerhasi eqhelekileyo okanye idizili kwaye ayishiyi ngasemva iidiphozithi zegummy.Ukuqala ngomzekelo wonyaka we-1999, inani leemoto e-US zenziwa ukuze zikwazi ukusebenza kwi-E85 fuel ngaphandle kokuguqulwa.Ezi nqwelo-mafutha zidla ngokubhalwa amagama amabini okanye izithuthi zamafutha eziguquguqukayo, ekubeni ziyakwazi ukubona ngokuzenzekelayo uhlobo lwamafutha zize zitshintshe indlela eziphatha ngayo injini ukuze zihlawulele iindlela ezahlukahlukeneyo ezitshisa ngazo kwimibhobho ye-injini.

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-ethanol-diesel i-fuel blends ikhula kwihlabathi jikelele, kwaye yenzelwe ukubonelela ngeendlela ezihlaziyiweyo, ezicocekileyo zokutshisa amafutha kwizixhobo ezingekho endleleni, iibhasi, ii-semi-lori kunye nezinye izithuthi ezihamba nge-diesel fuel.Ngokudityaniswa kwe-ethanol kunye nezinye izongezo zepetroli kwidizili, uphawu lomsi wedizili omnyama luyapheliswa kwaye kukho ukuncitshiswa okubonakalayo kwento ethile, icarbon monoxide, kunye nokukhutshwa kwenitrogen oxide.Kwakhona kunokwenzeka ukusebenzisa i-ethanol ekuphekeni njengokutshintshwa kweenkuni, amalahle, ipropane, okanye njengendawo yokutshisa izibane, ezifana ne-kerosene.
I-Brazil kunye ne-United States zikhokela imveliso ye-ethanol kwimizi-mveliso, ibalwa kunye kwi-89% yemveliso yehlabathi ngowama-2008.IBrazil lilizwe lesibini ngobukhulu emhlabeni ekuveliseni amafutha ethanol kunye nelizwe elithumela ngaphandle.

Isiselo
Umthamo omkhulu we-ethanol uveliswa kwiziselo kunye neemarike zemizi-mveliso ukusuka kwisondlo sezolimo.I-Ethanol eveliswe kula mashishini ihluke kwi-ethanol ye-fuel kuphela kumandla ayo, enokuthi ihluke phakathi kwe-96% kunye ne-99.9% kunye nobunyulu bayo, kuxhomekeke ekusetyenzisweni kokugqibela.Ishishini lesiselo kunye neziselo linokuba ngoyena msebenzisi waziwayo wokugqibela we-ethanol.Isetyenziselwa ukwenza iintlobo ezininzi zemimoya, i-vodka, i-gin kunye ne-anisette.Imigangatho ephezulu kunye neenkqubo ezifunekayo kwi-ethanal esetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kweziselo zomoya.

Abanye
I-ethanol esetyenziswa njengemveliso engumlamli yimveliso yekhemikhali, yamayeza okanye yezithambiso kwiimeko ezininzi yolona mgangatho uphezulu nosulungekileyo.Ezi ziimarike zeprayimari ngenxa yamanyathelo ongezelelweyo kwinkqubo yokuvelisa utywala eziyimfuneko ukufezekisa ukucoceka okufunekayo.Imigangatho efanayo ephezulu kunye neemfuno zokucoceka ziyasebenza kwishishini lokutya, elifana nencasa kunye nevumba elimnandi lokutsalwa kunye noxinzelelo, kunye neepeyinti kunye neethemometha.I-Ethanol ingasetyenziswa kwi-de-icer okanye i-anti-freeze ukususa i-windscreen yemoto.Ikwaqulethwe kwiziqholo, iideodorants, nezinye izinto zokuthambisa