I-Urea, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-urea okanye i-carbamide, ine-formula ye-chemical CH4N2O okanye i-CO (NH2) 2. I-organic compound eyenziwe nge-carbon, i-nitrogen, i-oksijini kunye ne-hydrogen, kwaye i-crystal emhlophe.Enye yezona zinto zilula ze-organic compounds yeyona nitrogen-equlethe imveliso yokugqibela yeprotein metabolism kunye nokubola kwizilwanyana ezincancisayo kunye neentlanzi ezithile.Njengesichumisi esingathathi hlangothi, i-urea ifanelekile kwimihlaba eyahlukeneyo kunye nezityalo.Kulula ukuyigcina, kulula ukuyisebenzisa, kwaye inempembelelo encinci ewonakalisa umhlaba.Yikhemikhali ye-nitrogen fertilizer enexabiso elikhulu lokusetyenziswa kunye nomxholo ophezulu we-nitrogen.I-Urea yenziwa phantsi kweemeko ezithile kusetyenziswa i-ammonia kunye ne-carbon dioxide kwishishini.
I-Urea inokusabela kunye ne-asidi ukwenza iityuwa.Ine-hydrolysis.Kubushushu obuphezulu, ukusabela kokujiya kunokwenziwa ukuvelisa i-biuret, i-triuret, kunye ne-cyanuric acid.Ubushushu ukuya kwi-160 ℃ ukubola, ukuvelisa igesi ye-ammonia kwaye uyiguqule ibe yi-isocyanate.Ngenxa yokuba le nto ikhona kumchamo womntu, ibizwa ngokuba yi-urea.I-Urea iqulethe i-46% yenitrogen (N), eyona nto iphezulu yenitrogen phakathi kwezichumisi zenitrogen ezomeleleyo.
I-Urea inokwenza i-hydrolyze ukuvelisa i-ammonia kunye ne-carbon dioxide phantsi kwesenzo se-acids, iziseko, kunye ne-enzymes (i-acids kunye neziseko zifuna ukufudumeza).
Ukungazinzi kwe-thermal, ukufudumeza ukuya kwi-150-160 ℃ kuya ku-deamination ukuya kwi-biuret.I-Copper sulfate iphendula kunye ne-biuret kumbala omfusa kwaye ingasetyenziselwa ukuchonga urea.Ukuba ishushu ngokukhawuleza, iya kwenziwa i-deammonized kunye ne-trimeric ukwenza ikhompawundi ye-cyclic enamalungu amathandathu, i-cyanuric acid.
I-Acetylurea kunye ne-diacetylurea inokuveliswa ngokuphendula nge-acetyl chloride okanye i-acetic anhydride.
Ngaphantsi kwesenzo se-sodium ethanol, isabela kunye ne-diethyl malonate ukuvelisa i-malonylurea (eyaziwa ngokuba yi-barbituric acid, ngenxa ye-acidity yayo).
Ngaphantsi kwesenzo se-alkaline catalysts ezifana ne-ammonia, inokusabela nge-formaldehyde kwaye idibanise kwi-urea formaldehyde resin.
Ukusabela nge-hydrazine hydrate ukuvelisa i-aminourea.
-Ubunzima bemolekyuli: 60.06 g / mol
-Ubuninzi: 768 kg / m3
-Indawo yokunyibilika: 132.7C
-Ukushisa okunyibilikayo: 5.78 ukuya kwi-6cal / gr
-Ukushisa okutshisayo: 2531 calories / gram
-Ukufuma okubalulekileyo (30 ° C): 73%
-Isalathiso setyuwa: 75.4
-Ukonakala: Iyonakalisa kwintsimbi yekhabhoni, kodwa ayidleki kangako kwi-aluminiyam, i-zinc, kunye nobhedu.Ayinakonakala kwiglasi kunye nentsimbi ekhethekileyo.
1. Ukuba i-urea igcinwe ngokungafanelekanga, kulula ukufunxa ukufuma kunye ne-clump, echaphazela umgangatho wokuqala we-urea kwaye ibangele ilahleko ethile yezoqoqosho kumafama.Oku kufuna ukuba amafama agcine urea ngendlela eyiyo.Ngaphambi kokusetyenziswa, kuyimfuneko ukugcina isikhwama sokupakisha se-urea.Ngexesha lokuthuthwa, kufuneka iphathwe ngononophelo, ikhuselwe emvuleni, kwaye igcinwe kwindawo eyomileyo, nengena umoya kakuhle namaqondo obushushu angaphantsi kwama-20 ℃.
2. Ukuba igcinwe ngobuninzi, iibhloko zokhuni kufuneka zisetyenziselwe ukugubungela umzantsi malunga neesentimitha ezingama-20, kwaye kufuneka kubekho umsantsa ongaphezu kweesentimitha ezingama-50 phakathi komphezulu kunye nophahla ukuze kube lula ukungena komoya kunye nokuchithwa komswakama.Ipaseji kufuneka ishiywe phakathi kwezitaki.Ukuququzelela uhlolo kunye nokungena komoya.Ukuba i-urea esele ivuliwe ayisetyenziswanga, kuyimfuneko ukutywina umlomo wesikhwama ngexesha elifanelekileyo ukuququzelela ukusetyenziswa kunyaka ozayo.
3. Kuphephe ukudibana nolusu namehlo.
Isichumiso: I-90% ye-urea eveliswayo isetyenziswa njengesichumisi.Yongezwa emhlabeni kwaye ibonelela ngenitrogen kwizityalo.Ibiuret ephantsi (ngaphantsi kwe 0.03%) iurea isetyenziswa njengesichumiso samagqabi.Iyanyibilika emanzini kwaye isetyenziswe kumagqabi ezityalo, ngakumbi iziqhamo kunye ne-citrus.
Isichumiso se-Urea sinenzuzo yokubonelela ngesiqulatho senitrogen ephezulu, ebaluleke kakhulu kwimetabolism yezityalo kwaye sinxulumana ngokuthe ngqo nenani leziqu kunye namagqabi afunxa ukukhanya kwiphotosynthesis.Ukongezelela, i-nitrogen ikhona kwiivithamini kunye neeprotheni, kwaye ihambelana nomxholo weprotheni weenkozo.
Urea isetyenziswa kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zezityalo.Ukuchumisa kuyafuneka kuba umhlaba ulahlekelwa yinitrogen eninzi emva kokuvuna.Amasuntswana e-Urea asetyenziswa emhlabeni, ekufuneka asebenze kakuhle kwaye abe zizityebi kwiibhaktheriya.Isicelo singenziwa ngexesha lokutyala okanye ngaphambili.Emva koko, i-urea i-hydrolyzed kwaye ibolile.
Kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo xa kugalelwa iurea ngokuchanekileyo emhlabeni.Ukuba isetyenziswe kumphezulu, okanye ukuba ayifakwanga emhlabeni ngokusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo, imvula, okanye ukunkcenkceshela, i-ammonia iya kuba ngumphunga kwaye ilahleko ibaluleke kakhulu.Ukungabikho kwe-nitrogen kwizityalo kubonakala ekunciphiseni kwendawo yamagqabi kunye nokuncipha komsebenzi we-photosynthetic.
Ukuchumisa kwamagqabi: Ukuchumisa kwamagqabi sisenzo samandulo, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo, ukusetyenziswa kwezondlo ezinxulumene nomhlaba kuncinane kakhulu, ingakumbi ngokwemilinganiselo emikhulu.Nangona kunjalo, ezinye iirekhodi zamazwe ngamazwe zibonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-urea ephantsi kunokunciphisa inani lesichumisi esifakwe emhlabeni ngaphandle kokubeka esichengeni ukusebenza, ubungakanani kunye nomgangatho weziqhamo.Uphando lubonise ukuba ukutshiza ngamagqabi ngomlinganiselo omncinci we-urea kusebenza njengokutshiza komhlaba.Ukongeza kwizicwangciso ezisebenzayo zokuchumisa, oku kuqinisekisa isenzo sokusebenzisa izichumisi ngokubambisana nezinye iikhemikhali zezolimo.
Iikhemikhali kunye neeplastiki: I-Urea ikhona kwizinto zokuncamathelisa, iiplastiki, iintlaka, ii-inki, amayeza, kunye nee-agent zokugqibezela amalaphu, amaphepha kunye neentsimbi.
Isondlo semfuyo: IUrea ixutywa kwisondlo senkomo kwaye ibonelela ngenitrogen, ebaluleke kakhulu ekwenzeni iprotein.
Ukuveliswa kwe-resin: I-resin ye-Urea formaldehyde kunye nezinye ii-resin zinezicelo ezahlukeneyo kwishishini, njengemveliso yeplywood.Zikwasetyenziswa nakwizithambiso nakwiipeyinti.
I-Chemwin inokubonelela ngoluhlu olubanzi lwee-hydrocarbons ezininzi kunye nezinyibilikisi zeekhemikhali kubathengi bamashishini.Ngaphambi koko, nceda ufunde olu lwazi lulandelayo olusisiseko malunga nokwenza ishishini nathi:
1. Ukhuseleko
Ukhuseleko yeyona nto iphambili kuthi.Ukongeza ekunikeni abathengi ngolwazi malunga nokusetyenziswa ngokukhuselekileyo nokuhambelana nokusingqongileyo kweemveliso zethu, sikwazimisele ekuqinisekiseni ukuba imingcipheko yokhuseleko lwabasebenzi kunye neekontraka ziyathotywa ukuya kutsho kubuncinane obufanelekileyo nobunokwenzeka.Ngoko ke, sifuna ukuba umthengi aqinisekise ukuba imigangatho efanelekileyo yokukhutshwa kunye nokugcinwa kwemigangatho yokhuseleko idibene ngaphambi kokunikezelwa kwethu (nceda ubhekisele kwisihlomelo se-HSSE kwimimiselo jikelele kunye neemeko zokuthengisa ngezantsi).Iingcali zethu zeHSSE zinokubonelela ngesikhokelo kule migangatho.
2. Indlela yokuhambisa
Abathengi banokuodola kwaye bahambise iimveliso kwi-chemwin, okanye banokufumana iimveliso kwisityalo sethu sokuvelisa.Iindlela ezikhoyo zothutho ziquka iilori, uloliwe okanye uthutho lweendlela ezininzi (kuyasebenza iimeko ezahlukileyo).
Kwimeko yeemfuno zabathengi, sinokucacisa iimfuno zeenqanawa okanye iitanki kwaye sisebenzise imigangatho ekhethekileyo yokhuseleko / ukuhlaziya kunye neemfuno.
3. Ubuncinci bobungakanani bomyalelo
Ukuba uthenga iimveliso kwiwebhusayithi yethu, ubungakanani obuncinci bomyalelo ziitoni ezingama-30.
4.Intlawulo
Indlela yokuhlawula eqhelekileyo itsalwa ngokuthe ngqo kwiintsuku ezingama-30 kwi-invoyisi.
5. Amaxwebhu okuhanjiswa
La maxwebhu alandelayo anikwe ngokuziswa ngakunye:
· Ibhili yokuLading, i-CMR Waybill okanye olunye uxwebhu olufanelekileyo lwezothutho
· Isatifikethi sokuHlalutya okanye ukuThobela (ukuba siyafuneka)
· Amaxwebhu anxulumene neHSSE ngokuhambelana nemigaqo
· Amaxwebhu ezinto eziqhelekileyo ngokuhambelana nemigaqo (ukuba kuyafuneka)
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