Iplastiki yeyantoni na?

Iplastiki sisixhobo esibalulekileyo kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla kwaye ingena phantse kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi bethu. Iplastiki yeyantoni na? Ukusuka kwimbono yeekhemikhali, iiplastiki luhlobo lwezixhobo zepolymer zokwenziwa, ezona zixhobo ziphambili zenziwe ngeepolymers eziphilayo. Eli nqaku liza kuhlalutya ngokweenkcukacha ukubunjwa kunye nokuhlelwa kweeplastiki kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo ngokubanzi kumashishini ahlukeneyo.
1. Ukuqulunqwa kunye nesakhiwo sekhemikhali yeeplastiki

Ukuze uqonde ukuba zeziphi izinto zeplastiki zeplastiki, okokuqala kufuneka uqonde ukubunjwa kwayo. Iplastiki iveliswa ngokusabela kwepolymerisation yezinto zemacromolecular, ikakhulu ezenziwe ngekhabhoni, ihydrogen, ioksijini, initrogen, isulfure kunye nezinye izinto. Ezi zinto zenza izakhiwo zekhonkco elide, ezaziwa ngokuba ziipolymers, ngokusebenzisa iibhondi ezidibeneyo. Ngokuxhomekeke kwimichiza yabo, iiplastiki zinokwahlulwa zibe ziindidi ezimbini eziphambili: i-thermoplastics kunye ne-thermosets.

I-Thermoplastics: Ezi ntlobo zeeplastiki ziyathamba xa zifudunyezwa kwaye zibuyela kwimo yazo yangaphambili xa zipholile, kwaye ukufudumeza okuphindaphindiweyo kunye nokupholisa akutshintshi ubume bemichiza. I-thermoplastics eqhelekileyo iquka i-polyethylene (PE), i-polypropylene (PP), kunye ne-polyvinyl chloride (PVC).

Iiplastiki zeThermosetting: Ngokungafaniyo ne-thermoplastics, iiplastiki ze-thermosetting ziya kungena kwi-chemical cross-linking emva kokufudumeza kokuqala, zenza isakhiwo sothungelwano esine-dimensional-dimensional enganyibilikiyo okanye i-fusible, ngoko xa ibunjiwe, ayinakukhubaza ngokufudumeza kwakhona. Iiplastiki eziqhelekileyo ze-thermoset ziquka i-phenolic resins (PF), i-epoxy resins (EP), njalo njalo.

2. Ukuhlelwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kweeplastiki

Ngokweepropati kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo, iiplastiki zinokwahlulwa zibe ngamacandelo amathathu: iiplastiki zenjongo jikelele, iiplastiki zobunjineli kunye neeplastiki ezikhethekileyo.

Iiplastiki zenjongo ngokubanzi: ezifana ne-polyethylene (PE), i-polypropylene (PP), njl., Zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwizinto zokupakisha, iimpahla zendlu kunye nezinye iindawo. Zibonakaliswa ngeendleko eziphantsi, iinkqubo zokuvelisa ezivuthiweyo kwaye zifanelekile kwimveliso yobuninzi.

Iiplastiki zobunjineli: ezifana nepolycarbonate (PC), inayiloni (PA), njl. Ezi plastiki zineempawu ezibalaseleyo zoomatshini kunye nokumelana nobushushu, kwaye zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiimoto, izixhobo zombane kunye nezombane, iinxalenye zoomatshini kunye nezinye iindawo ezifuna ngamandla.

Iiplastiki ezikhethekileyo: ezifana ne-polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), i-polyether ether ketone (PEEK), njl. Ezi zixhobo zihlala zinokumelana okukhethekileyo kweekhemikhali, ukufakwa kombane okanye ukumelana nobushushu obuphezulu, kwaye zisetyenziselwa kwi-aerospace, izixhobo zonyango kunye nezinye iindawo zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu.

3. Izinto eziluncedo kunye nemingeni yePlastiki

Iiplastiki zidlala indima engenakuthatyathelwa indawo kwishishini lanamhlanje ngenxa yobunzima bazo, amandla aphezulu kunye nokusebenza ngokulula. Ukusetyenziswa kweeplastiki kuzisa nemingeni yokusingqongileyo. Njengoko iiplastiki zinzima ukuthotywa, inkunkuma yeplastiki inefuthe elibi kokusingqongileyo, ngoko ke ukuhlaziywa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwakhona kweeplastiki kuye kwaba yinkxalabo yehlabathi jikelele.
Kwimizi-mveliso, abaphandi baphuhlisa iiplastiki ezitsha ze-biodegradable ngenjongo yokunciphisa iingozi zokusingqongileyo zenkunkuma yeplastiki. Itekhnoloji yokuhlaziya iiplastiki nazo zihambela phambili, kwaye obu buchwepheshe kulindeleke ukuba bunciphise kakhulu iindleko zokwenziwa kweeplastiki kunye noxinzelelo lokusingqongileyo.

Ukuqukumbela

Iplastiki luhlobo lwezixhobo zepolymer ezenziwe ngeepolymers eziphilayo, ezinokuthi zihlelwe kwiiplastiki ze-thermoplastic kunye ne-thermosetting ngokwezakhiwo zeekhemikhali ezahlukeneyo kunye neendawo zokusebenza. Ngophuhliso lwetheknoloji, iintlobo kunye nokusetyenziswa kweeplastiki zanda, kodwa iingxaki zokusingqongileyo ezizisayo azikwazi ukuhoywa. Ukuqonda ukuba zeziphi izixhobo zeplastiki aziyi kusinceda nje ukuba sisebenzise le sixhobo ngcono, kodwa sikwakhuthaza ukuba sihlolisise indima yayo kuphuhliso oluzinzileyo.