Yenziwe ngantoni iplastiki?
Njengezinto eziyimfuneko kubomi bale mihla, iiplastiki zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwimimandla emininzi efana nokupakishwa, izixhobo zombane, iimoto kunye nokwakha. Zeziphi izinto iiplastiki ezenziwe ngazo? Oku kubandakanya inzululwazi entsonkothileyo yeepholima kwishishini lemichiza. Iiplastiki zenziwe ngeendidi zeepolymers zokwenziwa okanye zesemi-synthetic, kwaye ezi zixhobo zepolymer zicutshungulwa ngokweenkqubo ezithile kwizinto zemihla ngemihla esizaziyo. Oku kulandelayo, siya kuhlalutya ngokubanzi ukubunjwa kweeplastiki kunye nenkqubo yokulungiswa kwazo.
1. Izinto ezisisiseko zeeplastiki: iipolymers
Zenziwe ngantoni iiplastiki? Impendulo esembindini ziipolima. I-polymer yitsheyini yeemolekyuli eziphezulu ezenziwe ngamanani amaninzi e-monomers aphindaphindiweyo adityaniswe yi-polymerisation reaction. Iipolymers eziqhelekileyo ziquka i-polyethylene (PE), i-polypropylene (PP), i-polystyrene (PS) kunye ne-polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zeplastiki zibonisa iimpawu ezahlukeneyo zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwe-monomer esetyenzisiweyo, indlela ye-polymerization kunye nesakhiwo se-molecular.

I-Polyethylene (PE): i-polymerised esuka kwi-ethylene monomer, esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ekwenzeni iingxowa zeplastiki, iifilimu zokupakisha ukutya, njl.
I-Polypropylene (PP): i-polymerisation ye-propylene monomer, enokumelana nokushisa okulungileyo, isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwiibhotile zeplastiki, izitya zendlu.
I-Polystyrene (PS): i-polymerised ukusuka kwi-styrene monomer, ecacileyo kwaye kulula ukuyifaka, esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwimveliso ye-tableware elahlayo, izinto zokupakisha.

2. Izongezo ezisetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kweeplastiki
Ukongeza kwiipolymers, iiplastiki ziqulethe iindidi zezongezo ezisetyenziselwa ukuphucula iipropati zabo okanye ukunciphisa iindleko zokuvelisa. Ezi zongezo ziquka i-antioxidants, i-plasticizers, i-stabilizers, i-coloring agents, iifayili kunye nokunye. Uhlobo kunye nomthamo wezongezo zichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo iipropati ezibonakalayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kweplastiki.

Iiplastiki: ukwandisa ukuguquguquka kweeplastiki kwaye wenze kube lula ukusetyenzwa kunye nokubumba. Ngokuqhelekileyo isetyenziswe kwimveliso yePVC.
I-Antioxidants: ikhusela iplastiki ekugugeni ngenxa ye-oxidation ngexesha lemveliso kunye nokusetyenziswa, kunye nokuphucula ukuqina kwayo.
Iifayili: ezifana ne-calcium carbonate, i-talcum powder, esetyenziselwa ukwandisa ubunzima kunye nokuzinza kweplastiki, ngelixa ukunciphisa iindleko zokuvelisa.

3. Inkqubo yokuvelisa iplastiki: ukuphendula kwepolymerisation kunye neteknoloji yokubumba
Imveliso yeeplastiki yahlulwe kakhulu ibe ngamanqanaba amabini: ukusabela kwepolymerisation kunye nokubumba. Iimonomer ziguqulwa zibe ziipolymer ngokusabela kweekhemikhali. Ngokuxhomekeke kwindlela yokwenziwa kwepolymerisation, inokwahlulwa ibe yipolymerisation yasimahla, i-anionic polymerisation, i-cationic polymerisation kunye ne-copolymerization. Emva koko, i-polymer icutshungulwa kwiimveliso zemo efunwayo ngokubumba inaliti, i-extrusion, i-blow-molding kunye nezinye iinkqubo.

Isitofu sokubumba: Iplastiki eshushu etyhidiweyo icinezelwe ibe ngumbumba kwaye imile, isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwimveliso yemveliso yeplastiki esetyenziswa mihla le.
I-Extrusion: Iplastiki ishushu kwaye emva koko yenziwe nge-extrusion, ilungele ukwenza iimveliso eziqhubekayo ezifana nemibhobho kunye neefilimu.
Ukubumba ukuvuthela: Iplastiki etyhidiweyo iyabunjwa kwaye isetyenziselwa ukwenza iimveliso ezingenanto ezifana neebhotile.

4. Indlela yophuhliso yeeplastiki ezilungele indalo
Ngokunyuka kolwazi lokusingqongileyo, abantu baye babeka phambili iimfuno zokusingqongileyo zokuvelisa kunye nokusetyenziswa kweeplastiki. Iiplastiki ezonakeleyo, iiplastiki ezisekwe kwibhayoloji kunye neeplastiki ezisetyenzisiweyo zisiba yindlela entsha yophuhliso.

Iiplastiki ezonakaliswayo: ezifana ne-polylactic acid (PLA), zinokuthi ngokuthe ngcembe zithotywe zibe yikharbon diokside kunye namanzi kwindawo yendalo.
Iiplastiki zeBio-based: iipolima ezenziwe ngezinto ezikrwada zezityalo, ezinjengombona kunye nommoba, ezifunyenwe ngotshintsho lwebhayoloji.
Iiplastiki ezisetyenzisiweyo: ngokuphinda kusetyenziswe iimveliso zeplastiki ezindala, ngenkqubo yokucoca, ukutyunyuzwa kunye nokulungiswa kwakhona, zisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa iimveliso ezintsha.

Ukuqukumbela
Ngokuhlalutya oku ngasentla, sinokuphendula ngokucacileyo umbuzo othi "yiyiphi into eyenziwa yiplastiki": iplastiki yenziwe ngokukodwa ngeepolymers zokwenziwa kunye nezongezo ezahlukahlukeneyo, ezicutshungulwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokubumba. Ngenkqubela phambili yenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe, uphuhliso lweeplastiki ezihambelana nokusingqongileyo ngokuthe ngcembe zitshintsha ukuthembela kwethu kwiiplastiki zemveli, kunye nokukhuthaza uphuhliso loshishino lweplastiki kwindlela eluhlaza kunye nezinzileyo.